The Torture A Critique Of The Ticking Bomb Argument

applied by the Nazis. I completely disagree because there is no way to compare the atrocities of the Nazis to few cases of enhanced interrogation by the United States. My interpretation of Hunsingher’s conclusion is that it goes to high extremes because the methods used by the Nazis were far more inhumane. According to Jessica Wolfendale, the author of the article â€Å"Training Torture: A Critique of the Ticking Bomb Argument,† â€Å"We have every reason to doubt that military and political authorities will use torture only in extreme cases† (Wolfendale 270). In other words, she states that if torture becomes acceptable, the government will find different ways to apply it to everyone with no exceptions or restrictions to achieve a goal. My interpretation of Wolfendale’s statements is that an individual has the right to question and demand answers. She is right to assume that torture is not going to stop in extreme cases. I agree with her view that it will get out of hand, because the government seem to look for new ways to apply laws. In communities where the use of torture is a controversial, most people would agree that it is wrong and it should not be applied. According to an article â€Å"Torture in the Public Mind,† written by Mivaslov, Ninic and Jennifer, Ramos, they state: â€Å"70 percent of who participated in a study said that torture is wrong† (Ninic and Ramos 242). To put this in other words Ninic and Ramos state that people have negative views of torture, and thinkShow MoreRelatedThe use of torture has become a prominent matter of dispute as we enter an age of the global war on1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of torture has become a prominent matter of dispute as we enter an age of the global war on terror. The debate on whether it has become morally permissible to torture terrorists is argued by many as the legitimacy of such actions are brought into question in a world where global terror is outstanding. With the use of the ticking time bomb scenario, some make a desirable case tha t in special circumstances, there is a right to torture individuals implicated is acts of mass violence. Yet manyRead MoreThe Legal And Ethical Perspective Of The World War II1354 Words   |  6 Pageshuman history, enemy combatants of the defeated forces were generally taken as war prisoners, often expected to confront brutal tortures or agonizing executions. Such trend managed to steer its way into recent human history. Some of the most atrocious crimes committed against mankind were witnessed during the second World War where prisoners of war underwent unthinkable torture procedures either to give confessions or for the purpose of human experimentation. Hence, participants of the Geneva ConventionRead MoreShould the United States Use Torture to Gather Information1474 Words   |  6 Pageswith the question of, whether their government intelligence agencies should be prohibited from using torture to gather information. According to Michael Ignatieff, this is the hardest case of w hat he describes as ‘lesser evil ethics’—a political ethics predicated on the idea that in emergencies leaders must choose between different evils Before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, torture was viewed by most American’s as only actions that brutal dictators would employ on their citizens, toRead MoreHuman Torture Essay1559 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction The American citizens have been wrestling with the question of whether their government intelligence agencies should be prohibited from using torture to gather information. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11th the American government vowed to do whatever it took to hunt down those involved. In May 2004, The New Yorker released photographs from the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The disturbing pictures were released on the internet showing bodies of naked Iraqis piled onto each

Collisions Lab Free Essays

Collisions in Two Dimensions Abstract: This lab was conducted to investigate the theories of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy in different types of 2D collisions. In order to do this, both an elastic and inelastic collision was conducted on an air table with pucks. A video was taken and analyzed to determine velocity, allowing for future finding of momentum and kinetic energy values. We will write a custom essay sample on Collisions Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now By finding these, it was possible to determine which kind of collision took place. With low values of change in momentum and kinetic energy that occurred in elastic collisions, it is understood that both are conserved in this type of collision. However, in the inelastic collision, momentum is conserved while kinetic energy is not. Possible error in this lab may have resulted from the neglect of friction and rotational kinetic energy. Overall, however, the results matched up well with the expected values. The objective of the lab was therefore met. Objective: The objective of this lab is to support that momentum will be conserved in all forms of collisions, and that kinetic energy will be conserved only in elastic collisions. Materials: Materials used in this lab were a video camera, an air table with pucks and Velcro bands, and Logger Pro software. Procedure: Videos of collisions of air hockey pucks will be recorded onto the computer’s hard drive. Two different types of collisions will be analyzed. The first will be nearly-elastic, with each puck going separate directions after the collision. The other type is completely inelastic with each buck bearing Velcro so as to stick together upon collision. The first collision requires first setting an origin on the video. Using the Set Scale tool, a distance scale will be set. Trajectory of the center puck is marked and an arbitrary time is picked at which data will begin being extracted. Points will then be added one frame at a time until enough measurements are taken before and after the collision. This is then repeated on the incident puck. This is done for both the center and the white dot on each puck. This data is automatically entered into Logger Pro. The data sets are then graphed. Straight lines are fitted to the graphs to determine the velocities , wich will be used to determine angular speed of the puck’s rotation. A new video will be analyzed in part two. In this collision the position of the center of mass of both pucks will be tracked, along with the position of the center of one of the pucks. This will result in 8 sets of data points. Linear fits are used to determine the velocity components of each. Radius is then used to calculate angular velocity. Results: ELASTIC COLLISION| | Mass 1| Mass 2| V1ix| V1iy| V1fx| V1fy| V2fx| V2fy| | | 0. 05| 0. 05| 2. 557| 1. 511| 0. 077| 1. 056| 2. 488| 0. 3909| | Errors| | | 0. 003525| 0. 003886| 0. 002806| 0. 003190| 0. 00481| 0. 003588| | | P1ix| P1iy| P1i| P2ix| P2iy| P2i| Pi Tot| | | | 0. 1279| 0. 0756| 0. 04174| 0| 0| 0| 0. 04174| | | Errors| | | 0. 0001061| | | 0| 0. 0001061| | | | P1fx| P1fy| P1f| P2fx| P2fy| P2f| Pf Tot| ? P| ? P/Pi| | 0. 1654| 0. 03378| 0. 03761| 0. 01316| -0. 00198| 0. 01331| 0. 05092| 0. 00918| 0. 2199| Errors| | | 0. 001665| | | 0. 000224| 0. 00168| | | | KE1i| KE2i| KEi Tot| KE1f| KE2f| KEf Tot| ? KE| ? KE/KEi| | | 0. 01767| 0| 0. 01767| 0. 01435| 0. 001796| 0. 01615| -0. 00152| -0. 08602| | INELASTIC COLLISION| | Mass 1| Diameter 1| Mass 2| Diameter 2| V1ix| V1iy| V1fx| V1fy| V2Fx| V2Fy| | 0. 052| . 05| 0. 052| 0. 05| 1. 361| 1. 231| 0. 7372| 0. 9625| 0. 5867| 0. 9481| Errors| | | | | . 007372| . 005637| . 04805| . 02558| . 007288| . 02936| | P1ix| P1iy| P1i| P2ix| P2iy| P2i| Pi Tot| | | | | 0. 2832| 0. 02731| 0. 03934| 0| 0| 0| 0. 03934| | | | Errors| | | 0. 000164| | | 0| 0. 000164| | | | | P1fx| P1fy| P1f| P2fx| P2fy| P2f| Pf Tot| ? P| ? P/Pi| | | 0. 01479| 0. 01901| 0. 02409| 0. 02274| 0. 02443| 0. 03338| 0. 03338| -0. 00596| -0. 1515| | Errors| | | 0. 000242| | | 0. 000243| 0. 000343| | | | | ? | KE1i| KE2i| KE rot i| KEi Tot | KEf lin = KE1f = KE2f| KEf Rot| KEf Tot| ? KE| ? KE/KEi| | 3. 27| 0. 015| 0| 0| 0. 015| 0. 005387| 0. 003397| 0. 008784| -0. 00622| -0. 4144| Data Analysis: Angular Velocity =vr Conservation of Momentum: Elastic: x-component 1v1ix+m2v2ix=m1v1fx+m2v2fx 502. 557+500=50. 077+502. 488 127. 85=128. 25 Error:. 311% y-component m1v1iy+m2v2iy=m1v1fy+m2v2fy 501. 511+500=501. 056+50. 3909 75. 55=72. 345 Error:4. 24% Inelastic: x-component 50(1. 361)+50(0)=50(. 7372 )+50(. 5867) 68. 05=66. 2 Error:2. 8% y-component 50(1. 231)+50(0)=50(. 9625)+50(. 9481) 109. 675=95. 53 Error:12. 9% Conservation of Kinetic Energy 12m1v1i2+12m2v2i2+12I11i2+12I12i2= 12m1v1f2+12m2v2f2+12I11f2+12I12f2 12506. 54+1250(0)+12(15625)(. 01)+12(15625)(. 003)= 12(50)(. 006)+12(50)(6. 19)+12(15625)(. 0018)+12(15625)(. 0002) 265. 0625=270 Masses measured in [kg]*Velocities measured in [m/s] *Momentums measured in [kgm/s]*Energies measured in [J] * ? measured in [rad/s] Discussion: The theories of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in collisions in two dimensions were supported in this lab. While conservation of momentum was supported through both elastic and inelastic equations, conservation of energy was supported only through elastic collisions. Rotational kinetic energy also played a role in the results. The theories are highly supported due to the low amount of error present in this lab. In calculating the final results of kinetic energy and momentum, mass and velocity measurements were used. Momentum and kinetic energy are variables dependent on those of mass and velocity, the independent variables. Because the graphs were position vs. time graphs, the velocity could be derived by looking at the slope. Because the change in momentum in the elastic equation was a relatively small change, momentum in this collision was proven to be conserved. Kinetic energy was also conserved, as is characteristic of elastic collisions, with another very small change. As expected, momentum was also conserved for the inelastic collision. Although the change in kinetic energy was small, the fact that there was some change supports it being an inelastic collision. Energy was not conserved, as expected. Some error in the lab could be contributed to the nearly (but not quite) frictionless air tables. Even slight friction may have affected the data. Another contributing factor to overall error could be the rotational kinetic energy not accounted for in the elastic collision, seeing as energy would have been added to the system. This error could be reduced or eliminated by taking rotational kinetic energy and friction into account. Conclusion: The objective of this lab was to support the theories of conservation of momentum in both elastic and inelastic collisions, and to support the theory of kinetic energy conservation in elastic collisions. Because the changes in the values of kinetic energy and momentum were so small, they proved insignificant and the theories were supported. Therefore, the objective of the lab was met. 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ALDI Supermarkets in Negligence

Question: Discuss about the ALDI Supermarkets in Negligence. Answer: Introduction: Accidents related to slips, trip and fall can be occurred at anyplace, and the most common places where these accidents happened are shopping centers, super markets, market places, and other places which are of private and public nature. For seeking the claim from other person, it is necessary for injured person to prove that he suffered a loss because of breach of duty of care other person owned (Legal Aid, n.d.). Section 5 of Civil Liability Act 2002 defines the meaning of harm, negligence, and personal injury. Harm means any kind of personal injury caused to person or death caused to person, any kind of damage to the property, and loss which is economic in nature. Negligence means any act of person in which fails to exercise reasonable care and skill and personal injury means any kind of pre natal injury caused to person, any impairment related to persons physical health or mental health, and any disease (Civil Liability Act 2002, 2002). Section 5B of Civil Liability Act 2002 stated that a person is considered as negligent in case he fails to take precautions against risk of harm if the risk associated with action is foreseeable, risk was not insignificant in nature, and whether in those situations any reasonable person would have taken those precautions. Section further stated Court considers following things to decide whether reasonable person would have taken those precautions or not: Probability of occurrence of harm if care were not taken. Degree of seriousness of harm. Burden to taking precautions to avoid the risk of harm. Social utility of the activity that creates risk of harm (Civil Liability Act 2002, 2002). Section 5C of the Civil Liability Act 2002 stated the matter related to proceedings for negligence: Any burden of taking precautions against risk of harm also includes the burden of taking precautions against similar risk of harm for which person may be responsible. It is also stated that any act conducted in different way for avoiding the risk of harm does not affect the liability or does not give rise to any liability. Any action taking subsequently to avoid the risk of harm does not affect the liability or does not give rise to liability, and it does not consider as admission of liability related to risk of harm (Civil Liability Act 2002, 2002). Following case law put some light on the present case: Arabi v Glad Cleaning Service Pty Limited (2010) NSWCA 208: in this case, the appellant seek damages from shopping centre for an injury caused to his right knee after he slipped on a pedestrian ramp at the Banks town Centro Shopping Centre. After slipping plaintiff found sticky substance which cover area of approximately one sq. meter of the ramp where plaintiff slipped. Shopping centre stated number of evidence which proved that ramp was cleaned approximately in every 15 to 20 minutes by the cleaners. The appellate argued that evidence showed by the respondent does not prove that pedestrian ramp was inspected in every 10 minutes, and respondent breach duty of care by not having proper cleaning system. Trial judge held that the system of cleaning is operation was reasonable, and respondent does not breach their duty of care. Plaintiff files appeal against the decision of trial judge. Court of Appeal stated trial judge failed to provide satisfactory reasons for his conclusion that cleaning system of respondent was reasonable. Court further stated that evidence does not prove the arguments of respondent. Court of Appeal held that appellant does not discharge his burden of proof, and even if breach of duty was found then also appellants case does not satisfy the requirements of causation because he was not able show that cleaning system of less than 15-20 minutes would prevent such accidents (Barry Nilson, 2011; Nolan, 2010). Application: In the present case, Tamara is walking down the confectionary aisle that is situated in her local Aldi supermarket. While walking down she sees her favorite chocolate at the end of the aisle and there is only one chocolate left for the sale. She starts running at the end of the aisle for getting that chocolate bar. She sees another customer at the end, so Tamara runs even faster. Before reaching the chocolate bar she slips because of melted ice cream on floor and breaks her back bone. It takes several months to her for recovering in hospital, and it cost excess of $700,000. In this case, super market proves that staff member inspects the place in every 40 minutes and they keep the surface clean. This case is similar to case Arabi v Glad Cleaning Service Pty Limited (2010) NSWCA 208 in which Court of Appeal held that breach of duty was found and also appellants case does not satisfy the requirements of causation because he was not able show that cleaning system of less than 15-20 minutes would prevent such accidents. In this case, there is no evidence which shows that cleaning system of supermarket of less than 40 minutes would prevent such accidents. On the other hand, Tamara was running for the chocolate and she also not takes any precaution measures. She is not able to satisfy the requirements of causation in this case. Therefore, there is no negligence on the part of Aldi Supermarket and there cleaning system is reasonable. All the damages which are general in nature cost excess of $700,000 to her which she cannot claim as damages from Aldi supermarket. Conclusion: In this case, Tamara cannot seek damages from Aldi Supermarket on the part of negligence because she is not able to satisfy the rules stated in causation and she is not able to prove that cleaning system of Aldi supermarket was not reasonable, and no evidence was presented by Tamara shows that cleaning system of supermarket of less than 40 minutes would prevent such accidents. Therefore, she does not seek damages from Aldi supermarket on part of negligence. References: Legal Aid. Negligence, duty of care and loss. Available at: https://www.legalaid.qld.gov.au/Find-legal-information/Personal-rights-and-safety/Injury-loss-and-compensation/Negligence-duty-of-care-and-loss#toc-what-is-a-duty-of-care--2. [Accessed on 23rrd January 2017] Arabi v Glad Cleaning Service Pty Limited (2010) NSWCA 208. Civil Liability Act 2002- sect 5. Civil Liability Act 2002- sect 5B. Civil Liability Act 2002- sect 5C. Jacobs, B. Harvey, E. Supermarket not liable for slip in shopping centre common area. Available at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5491/supermarket-not-liable-for-slip-in-shopping-centre.aspx. [Accessed on 23rrd January 2017] Barry Nilson. (2011). Arabi v Glad Cleaning Service Pty Limited (2010) NSWCA 208. Available at: https://www.bnlaw.com.au/content/Document/Casebooks%202010%20-%202015/00%20Barry_Nilsson_%20Lawyers%202011%20Insurance%20Review%20Casebook.pdf. [Accessed on 23rrd January 2017]. Noaln, H. (2010). Shopping Centre Cleaning Case Is My Cleaning System Reasonable. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/108876/Personal+Injury/Shopping+Centre+Cleaning+Case+Is+My+Cleaning+System+Reasonable. [Accessed on 23rrd January 2017]